Focuses on investigating the teaching and learning of topics in STEM.  Working with collaborators, he has conducted numerous research studies to uncover students' conceptual, reasoning and problem solving difficulties over a wide array of physical science topics taught in astronomy, astrobiology, physics, geoscience, and planetary science.

Additionally, he has developed classroom assessment tools, educational technologies, and public outreach activities.  His focus is creating inclusive and equitable educational opportunities for students and professionals in STEM.